4 Types of Context Clues

Just like a detective following the clues that lead to the perpetrator of a crime, you as a reader must use the clues hidden in a text passage to determine the meaning of difficult vocabulary words. Context clues are simply that: hints or additional information the author provides (purposefully or not) that can help you understand the meaning of a particular word or phrase. These clues can be located in the same sentence as the vocabulary word, but they can also appear elsewhere in the passage.   Why Context Clues Are Important When youre working on the reading section of a standardized test, youre going to have to employ some prowess to get you through. Understanding how various types of context clues work can help you to understand difficult vocabulary words, which is a must on a long reading section. The text may be chock-full of words you dont completely grasp. Outside of the passage, you may not have any idea what they mean, but inside the passage, where all the juicy tidbits of their clues lie, you can figure those challenging words out. Context clues are also helpful when youre working to determine the main idea  of a passage and struggling to  make inferences because those words can help connect the dots in incredibly useful ways. Four Types of Context Clues A number of different types of context clues can be present in reading passages because every author writes in a different way. Some authors offer very little explanation for difficult words, throwing tough vocabulary in everywhere with little or no help, while other authors carefully craft their passages to ensure the reader can understand everything he or she is trying to explain. Everything from the restatement of a word to an outright explanation of the word in action can be present to aid in a readers comprehension. Context Clue No. 1: Definition or Restatement The meaning of the vocabulary word is in the sentence itself, usually following the vocabulary word. Jacks duplicity—crafty dishonesty—enabled him to steal his coworkers pensions by funneling their money into an offshore account. Notice how the dashes set off the definition. Commas or parentheses setting off a descriptive phrase directly after the vocabulary word (an appositive) can also point you to it, such as in clue no. 2. Context Clue No. 2: Synonym The sentence uses a similar word to help explain the meaning of the vocabulary word. The baseball coach punished the teams duplicity, or deceitfulness after they admitted to using steroids to boost their batting averages. Context Clue No. 3: Antonym/Opposite/Contrast The sentence uses a word with an opposite definition to give the meaning of the vocabulary word. It was your duplicity that caused me to break up with you! Had you been honest, I wouldnt have felt the need.Unlike my last employee, who had integrity to spare, you have nothing more than duplicity and will not receive a recommendation from me for another job. Context Clue No. 4: Example or Explanation This type of context clue uses examples to help the reader infer the meaning of the vocabulary word. His duplicity involved lowering his employees salaries, increasing their stock options, and then stealing the money he saved by doing so.I was aghast at her duplicity when she stole my diamond earrings, sold them on eBay, and lied to me about it the whole time. Try Out Your Suspected Definition After examining the context of the passage for clues to the unclear word, you should have an idea of what the vocabulary word means. Based on your estimate, try out a word in the sentence in its place to see if it makes sense.

Running Room Case Study - 1298 Words

Running Room Case Study 10/21/14 T/TH 9:30 AM Present Strategy The Running Room company has been a successful and profitable business since its inception, catering to both avid runners and more casual joggers by selling high end running shoes. Its owner, Raina Cisco, used her background as a nationally ranked runner to establish credibility as a running shoe authority, especially for higher end products. In order to maintain this image of quality, Cisco chose to primarily sell Nike shoes. The Nike brand is associated with performance in the minds of her customers, and she was able to make a $5-$7 premium per pair of Nike shoes. Despite this success, after about 10 years of steady growth, profits began to decline due primarily to†¦show more content†¦Cisco’s current strategy attempts to do too much and appeal to a much too broad target market, and thus needs to consider different strategies. Alternative Strategies Based on The Running Room’s current situation, Cisco considers a number of alternatives to her present marketing strategy. On one hand, she could continue to maintain a broad target market to appeal to both casual athletes--with more fashion-conscious products that aren’t necessarily running shoes--and serious runners, while attempting to tap into the growing market for women’s athletic shoes with expanded product lines for female athletes. This strategy would help her maintain her aging loyal customers, as she could offer athletic shoes that reflect the new exercise programs that they are becoming involved in instead of running. Conversely, she could narrow her target market to just serious runners, by investing in the high-end molded running shoes and the additional training and promotion that would be required to sell them. An analysis of The Running Room’s strengths and weaknesses can help her determine that the second strategy i s the most worthwhile to pursue moving forward. As a former nationally-ranked runner herself, and with both a proven track record for catering to serious runners (who make up a majority of her sales) as well as the flexibility to switch product lines fairly easily, Cisco’s business strengths would support a shift to a more serious runner target market with relativeShow MoreRelatedA Study On Child Development Essay1715 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Observing a child will increase the knowledge on how child react in different situations; also, comparing to other cases, there might be some similarities, but there must be differences. In these observations, we are focused on the social relationships, reactions, language, and emotion. Based on what we have learned in the class, I know children a bit more than usual. 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Corruption A Great Distress Business Industry - 1681 Words

When first hearing the words bribery, extortion, lubrication and subornation, one might first think of money or ways of getting more of what you ant for a cost. Corrupt practices in business transactions are a great distress business industry, especially when it becomes the international business market. These corrupt practices include bribery, extortion, lubrication and subordination. Extortion, lubrication and subordination are different variations of bribery. Money in today’s society is what keeps the world running in most cases. Bribery first came about in the fourteenth century by the works of Chaucer and his contemporaries (Quinion, 1). In the fourteenth century the worst often offenders were judges and public officials, who exhorted†¦show more content†¦Bribery can most simply be described as money being voluntarily offered by someone seeking an unlawful advantage (Gilly, 152). It wasn’t until the 1970s, when bribery became a national issue with public disclosure of political payoffs to foreign recipients by U.S. firms. Most cultures seem to be more open to bribery, but in the United States, they are disdainful to these practices now. The words extortion, lubrication and subornation often can be grouped under the term bribery out of ignorance, even though they are, in fact, unalike (Gilly, 152). The difference between bribery and extortion can be described as bribery is from an offer to someone else, while extortion is a demand for payment. One example of bribery, which happens quite frequently, would be a restaurant or food industry offering a bribe to the health inspector to ignore health regulations the restaurant may be violating (Digh, 90). The health inspector may see issues violating health code that could affect the consumers, but as the restaurant owner slips a one hundred dollar bill under the table to him, he then may â€Å"ignore† these obvious violations. Another example of bribery, which is used almost everyd ay, would be to offer money or a gift to be moved higher on a waiting list for a restaurant. This bribe is often little, but in most cases restaurant hostesses are not allowed to accept these bribes or

Digestion and Food free essay sample

Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into smaller molecules so they can pass though the intestinal wall into the bloodstream and be transported throughout the body. There are seven different food groups in a balanced diet which should include Carbohydrate, fat, water, protein, fibre, vitamins and minerals. Although most foods contain these in some shape or form the foods that contain most of one type fall into that category, a chicken fillet for example would fall under the protein category because it contains more protein per hundred grams than any other nutrient. This assignment will explain the systems and processes necessary for the digestion of a Beef sandwich and a chicken Tikka Masala with rice. In the digestion of a beef sandwich containing sliced Beef, bread, butter and a chicken Tikka Masala there are different stages of where food is broken down. Enzymes are added at different times to ensure the food is absorbed properly. Digestion technically starts in the brain. Even before food touches your lips the stomach is already preparing for the food about to be ingested. The ingestion process starts with taking food into the mouth (eating and drinking). The purpose of this is so the food can be cut into smaller pieces and saliva is added before it is swallowed. This is where the first enzymes start work. There are two enzymes found in the saliva of the mouth, salivary amylase and lingual lipase. Amylase breaks down dietary carbohydrates such as monosaccharides, disaccharide sugars and complex polysaccharides (starch). Monosaccharide’s can be easily absorbed into the bloodstream so the others need to be broken down into these before they can be absorbed (Derrickson, Tortora 2006 p906). The salivary amylase starts to break down the polysaccharide starch found in the bread of sandwich and the rice in the chicken Tikka meal while it is being chewed. Once the food has been swallowed it slides down the throat which extends into the esophagus. The smooth muscle, mucus and secretions in the esophagus enable the food to slide down easily into the stomach. At the end of the esophagus is the lower esophageal sphincter which connects to the stomach. The stomach is a j-shaped organ where food is mixed with gastric juices secreted by the lining. The gastric juices consist of water, enzymes and hydrochloric acid to kill any harmful bacteria (Parker 2007 p176). The main enzyme in the stomach is called pepsin which specialises in the break down of protein. Gastric pepsin breaks proteins into polypeptides, pancreatic trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase which change the polypeptides into peptides (Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins 2005 p224). The proteins in the beef part of the sandwich and chicken part of the Tikka Masala are broken down by theses enzymes in order to extract the essential amino acids found in the peptides so that they can be easily absorbed in the small intestine where the food moves to after the stomach has done its work. The intestinal mucosal peptidases in the small intestine break the peptides down into amino acids allowing this to happen. As the carbohydrate (rice and bread from the two meals) enters the stomach the salivary amylase is deactivated by the ph level. As the food then enters the duodenum which is the first part of the small intestine, another type of amylase is then added from the pancreas which changes the carbohydrates into simple sugars (Parker 2007). The simple sugars are maltose lactose and sucrose. As these are pasted further into the small intestine ‘the enzymes maltase, lactase and sucrase chop maltose, lactose and sucrose into smaller bits, more easily absorbed, which are eventually converted to glucose and absorbed through the intestinal walls into the bloodstream’ (Collins 2007). Once this has happened the glucose is transported to the liver where it can be where it can be stored or distributed to cells throughout the body (Collins 2007). Fats fall under three categories, saturated (mainly found in animal products); Unsaturated (fish, nuts) and Trans fats which are mainly found in vegetable oils and processed foods made from hydrogenated vegetable fats. Fats or lipids as there also known ‘are diverse compounds that are grouped together because they are insoluble in water, but soluble in nonpolar solvents’ (Bailey 2008). This means lipids take longer to digest than carbohydrates and proteins. The fat content of the two meals comes mainly from the butter of the beef sandwich and the cream of the Masala sauce. The Short chain triglycerides found in these are digested by gastric lipase in the stomach. The majority of fat digestion though is done in the small intestine where pancreatic lipase and bile salts are added. The bile salts emulsify fat into droplets which makes them water soluble allowing them to be absorbed more easily. The pancreatic lipase ‘breaks down fats and phospholipids into a mixture of glycerol, short and long-chain fatty acids, and monoglycerides’ (Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins 2005 p224). Small finger like projections on the small intestine called Villi give it a large surface area making it easy for the absorption allowing the fatty acids and monoglycerides to pass through into the blood stream. Nearly all vital nutrients from food are absorbed in the small intestine and the left over waste that passes into the large intestine afterwards is known as the chyme. The chyme descends through three main regions of the large intestine called the caecum, colon and rectum. During this journey sodium, chloride, and water are absorbed through the lining of the colon into the blood making less watery faeces to be excreted out of the anus.